THE 



Napoleon Gallery 



OR, 



Illustrations of tlje %iU anti Etmes 



OF THE 



Emperor of France 



ENGRAVED BY REVEIL, AND OTHER EMINENT ARTISTS, VROM ALL 
THE MOST CELEBRATED PICTURES IN FRANCE 







PUBLISHED BY 

ESTES & LAURIAT 

BOSTON 



Copyright, iS88. 
By EsTES & Lauriat. 






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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



^ T. The Action at St. Roche's 

II. Entering Milan 

III. "What a Lesson for Man!" 

IV. The Battle of Rivoli 
- V. Napoleon at Lonato 

V, VI. Defending the Redoubt of Monte Legino 

VII. Preliminaries of the Peace of Leoben 

I VIII. Crossing the Bridge at Arcola 

IX. The Cisalpine Republic 

" X. The Battle of the Pyramids 

XI. The Revolt of Cairo 

XII. The Fight at Benouth 

- XIII. The Speech at the Pyramids 

XIV. "All whom I command are my Children" 

- XV. Buonaparte pardoning the Rebf.ls at Cairo 

XVI. The Plague of Jaffa 

XVII. "You are the Greatest of Men!" 

XVIII. Napoleon inscribing his Name on Mount Sinai 

XIX. Napoleon at Malmaison 

■XX. The Battle of Marengo 

.XXI. The Battle of Aboukir 

XXII. The Review by the First Consul 



IV 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



* XXIII. Bonaparte at Mount St. Bernard 

. XXIV. The Death of Desaix 

' XXV. The Coronation of Napoleon 

XXVI. The First Corps crossing the Maine 

XXVII. The Fourth Corps at Donawerth 

XXVIII. The Emperor's Arrival at Augsrurg 

■ XXIX. Napoleon crowned King of Italy 

XXX. Napoleon crossing the Rhine at Kehl 

' XXXI. The Fourth Corps entering Augsburg 

' XXXII. Napoleon addresses the Army 

' XXXIII. The Surrender of Ulm 

XXXIV. Napoleon receiving the Keys of Vienna 

- XXXV. The Morning of Ausierlitz 

"■ XXXVI. PRESENT.A.TI0N OF AUSTRIAN EnSIGNS TO THE FRENCH 

Senate 

' XXXVII. The Seventy-sixth Regiment recovering its Colors 

^ XXXVIII. The Night before the Batile of Austerlitz 

XXXIX. The Battle of Austerlitz 

XL. Napoleon's Interview with the Austrian Emperor 

XLI. Statues on the Column of the Grand Army 

XLIL The Duchess of Weimar and Napoleon 

XLIII. Napoleon receiving the Deputies of the Senate 

XLIV. The Sword of Frederick the Great 

■ XLV. The Battle of Jena 

"■ XLVI. Marshal Ney at Elchingen 

i XLVII. Napoleon'^s Clemency 

XLVIII. The Field of Battle at Eylau 

. XLIX. The Battle of Friedland 

L. The Simplon Pass 

LI. Battle of Essling 

LII. Napoleon wounded at Ratisbon 

LTir. The Comb.vi- at Somo Sierra 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



- LIV. Napoleon's Interview with the Prussian Queen 

' LV. The Retreat from Moscow 

' LVI. The Death of the Duke of Montebello 

■ LVII. Napoleon at the Tomb of Frederick the Great 

LVIII. The Peasant of the Rhine 

LIX. The Redoubt of Kabrunn 

- LX. "Is IT True that Things are going so badly?" 

•^ LXI. The Battle of Moscow 

' LXII. The Skirmish 

' LXIII. "Every one to his own Calling" 

LXIV. The Death of Poniatowski 

'' LXV. Napoleon at Lutzen 

' LXVI. The Battle of Montmirail 

LXVII. Napoleon at Montereau 

LXVIII. Napoleon's Farewell at Fontainbleau 

LXIX. The Battle of Hainau 

■• LXX. Napoleon at Arcis-sur-Aube 

LXXI. Filial Anxiety of a Conscript 

LXXII. The Turnpike of Clichy 

LXXIII. The Return from Elba 

LXXIV. Napoleon at Charleroi 

LXXV. Napoleon at Waterloo 

- LXXVI. Napoleon saluting Wounded Foes 

LXXVII. Napoleon in 1815 

LXXVIII. Taking the Oath of Allegiance • ■ 

LXXIX. A Soldier's Farewell 

LXXX. ■ A Soldier, at Waterloo 

LXXXI. A Field Hospital 

LXXXII. Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile 

LXXXIII. Death-bed of Napoleon 

LXXX IV. Napoleon as Lieutenant-Colonel 

LXXXV. The Triumphal Column 



VI 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



■ LXXXVI. Statue of Napoleon uy Chaudet 

LXXXVII. Apotheosis 

LXXXVIII. Napoleon, Emperor 

■■ LXXXIX. The Ueath-mask of Napoleon 

XC. The Funeral Procession at the Arc de Triomphe 

XCI. Esplanade of the Hotel des Invalides 

• XCII. The Catafalque, Dume des Invalides 

' XCIII. The Funeral Car 

' XCIV. Opening the Casket 

" XCV. Royal Court of the Hotel des Invalides 



THE ACTION AT ST ROCHE'S. 



On the 4tli of October, 1795, at six o'clock in the 
morning. Napoleon visited every post, and placed his 
troops in line. They were few in number, and might 
easily have been destroyed by the populace. 

While everything portended a sanguinary affair, the 
danger becoming every instant more pressing, the Con- 
vention discussed the situation without coming to any 
decision. Suddenly a column of a few battalions headed 
by Lafond, an emigrant, appeared on Point Neuf, and 
obliged Cartaux to fall back under the posterns. At 
about a quarter past four some rockets were fired from 
the Hotel de Noailles. This was the signal for the attack. 
Lafond's column wheeled round, and marched on the 
Pont Royal, along the Quai Voltaire. This column 
was routed by the artillery of the Louvre and Poiit 
Royal, after rall^dng three times under the fire. St. 
Roche was taken, and every other post occupied by the 
sectionaries, was cleared. At six o'clock, the affray 
was over ; and if a few cannon were heard during the 
night, they were discharged to destroy the barricades 
which some of the citizens still wished to maintain. 




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ENTERING MILAN. 



0]sr the 15tli of May, 1796, Napoleon made his entry 
into Milan, amidst the acclamations of the populace ; 
his troops passing under a triumphal arch. From that 
day the Italians adopted the tri-colored ensign — green, 
red and white. 

Napoleon remained only a few days in Milan, where 
he received d'Este, natural brother of the Duke of 
Modena, who came to solicit the protection of the French 
army. Bounaparte treated with the Duke of Modena as 
he had done with the Duke of Parma. 

In taking the command of the army in Italy, Napo- 
leon, notwithstanding his extreme youth, inspired the 
soldiers, and even the old officers themselves, with abso- 
lute confidence. 

The accompanying engraving is copied from a fresco 
painted by Andrea Appiani, who was commissioned to 
portray in the vice-regal palace at Milan the pageants 
of Napoleon. Thirty -five are there painted in oil, after 
the manner of Grisaille. This subject has been engraved 
by the best artists of Milan ; it is rare and much sought 
after by amateurs. 




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"WHAT A LESSON FOR MAN! 



In Italy, after the battle of Bassano, Napoleon, fol- 
lowed by his staff rode over the field. The moon shed 
her light upon that scene of horror, and the profound 
silence of the night was disturbed only by the sad cries 
of the wounded, and the dismal groans of the dying. 
All at once a dog that had been lying on a dead body, 
came forward whining, running back and forth, seem- 
ingly divided between the desire of avenging the death 
of his master, and the fear of allowing the body to be- 
come cold. Napoleon stopped ; his soul was stirred by 
the faithful friendship of the animal compared to the 
neglect with which the other victims were treated, and 
he remained absorbed in profound meditation. 

" What a lesson for man ! " at last he cried. 

The incident was so deeply impressed upon Ms mind 
that twenty-five years after, he spoke of it again on the 
rock of St. Helena. 



THE BATTLE OF RIVOLI. 



Napoleon arrived at Rivoli about two o'clock in tlie 
morning of the 14tli of January, 1797, where he was 
able to observe the line of the enemy's fires who ap- 
peared to be encamped in five divisions, with a view of 
commencing the attack at different points. Joubert im- 
mediately received orders to act on the offensive; and 
the Fusileers engaged with one of the enemy's columns, 
and repulsed it by day-break. Another Austrian col- 
umn then marched upon the battery at Rivoli ; in less 
than an hour this was defeated and driven back by 
Massena, when a third came to its aid, and would have 
thrown itself upon the battery, but the French artillery 
slaughtered all who came within gun-shot. The cavalry 
then charged with daring intrepidity, and the enemy 
were driven to the edge of the precipice, and rolled into 
the ravine below. Whilst this took place a fourth col- 
umn arrived at the place to which it had been directed, 
on the heights of Pipoto, hoping to turn the French 
flank ; but it was too late ; it came just in time to see the 
destruction of the other divisions, and to foresee the fate 
which awaited itself. Seven thousand prisoners were 
taken, with twelve pieces of cannon, and a few ensigns. 
In the course of the day Napoleon was frequently sur- 
rounded by the enemy, and had several horses killed 
under him. In consideration of services performed on 
this occasion, Massena had the title of Due de Rivoli 
conferred upon him. 




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NAPOLEON AT LONATO. 



After Lonato had been taken by the Austrians, 
and again re-taken by Napoleon, August, 1796, five 
thousand Austrians deserted ; when, learning that there 
were only 1200 French soldiers at Lonato, they marched 
toward that place, in the hope of clearing a road to the 
Nuncio. M^hen near Lonato they sent to demand the 
surrender of the city. At that moment Napoleon ar- 
rived from Castiglione, when he ordered the messenger 
to be brought before him. " Go, tell your general," 
said Napoleon, " that he is in the midst of the French 
army. I give him eight minutes to surrender; after that 
he has nothing to hope for ! " Harassed and fatigued, 
not knowing which way to turn, these 5,000 men laid 
down their arms at his command. 




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DEFENDING THE REDOUBT OF 
MONTE LEGINO. 



When Napoleon took command of the army of 
Ital}'-, it was in a state of absolute destitution. 

Napoleon arrived at Nice, reviewed the troops, and 
said, "Soldiers, you are badly equipped; you require 
many necessaries, but our goverment is not able to sup- 
ply them. Your patience and the courage you have 
shown in the midst of these sterile rocks, are worthy 
of admiration ; but here you gain no glory. I will con- 
duct you into the more fertile plains, rich provinces 
and great cities shall be in our power, and you will 
have riches, honor, and glory ! " 

This proclamation was received with loud acclama- 
tions, and the army moved onward. 

On the 10th of April, 1796, the central division of 
the enemy's forces, commanded by General Argentan, 
had taken its position before the redoubts of Monte 
Legino, which were defended by Colonel Rampon. 
During the night the republican troops completely sur- 
rounded Argentan. Rampon, with his regiment, and 
Laharpe attacked him in front ; while Massena and 
Augereau attacked him in the rear and in the flanks. 
The rout was complete, and the French made their 
entry into Piedmont. 




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THE PRELIMINARIES OF THE PEACE 
OF LEOBEN. 



Some hours after receiving despatches from the Di- 
rectory, Napoleon wrote to the Archduke Charles to 
make overtures of peace to him ; the Archduke immedi- 
ately answered that he would learn the opinion of his 
Court, having no power to treat alone. 

At last, on the 7th of April, 1797, the head-quarters 
were fixed at Leoben, when Generals Bellegarde and 
Merfield presented themselves to demand an armistice 
of ten days, previous to making a definitive peace. The 
armistice was signed the same evening, but the French 
agreed to five days only. The Austrian plenipoten- 
tiaries arrived at Leoben on the 13th of April, and the 
preliminaries were signed on the 18th. 

The scene in the picture is in a pavillion of the 
Bishop's palace in the midst of a garden. The French 
general is saying to the Austrian envoys : " If we are 
not agreed upon that point, I continue my marcJi, and 
behold the road to victory ! " 

The picture contains some historical portraits ; among 
others, Lavalette, aide-de-camp to Napoleon, who wrote 
under the dictation of his general; to the left of La- 
valette are Louis Bounaparte, and Eugene Beauharnais, 
leaning liis head on the future king of Holland. There 
are also portraits of Berthier, Massena, Augereau, and 
Murat, then inseparable associates of Napoleon. 




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CROSSING THE BRIDGE OF ARCOLA. 



The marsh of Areola is crossed by three causeways, 
— each of which was occupied by a French column, 
Alvinzi, supposing them only a few light troops, con- 
tented himself by ordering two small divisions to dis- 
perse them; these were checked and nearly routed by 
the strong columns of infantry to which they unex- 
pectedly found themselves opposed. It was necessary 
that Areola, which was defended by two battalions of 
Creates should be taken, in order to gain the bridge of 
Villeneuve, which was the only retreat of Alvinzi. The 
fire continuing unabated. Napoleon, determined on mak- 
ing a last effort, seized an ensign and planted it on the 
bridge with his own hand. He had advanced his column 
to the centre of the bridge, when a fresh body of Aus- 
trians arrived and commenced a sharp fire on his flank, 
which compelled those in the rear to retire. The grena- 
diers at the head of the column, finding themselves 
abandoned by their comrades, gave way ; but not willing 
to lose their general, bore him in their arms through the 
midst of the dead and the dying. In the confusion he 
was precipitated into the marsh, where he lay surrounded 
by his enemies, and would probably have been taken 
prisoner had not the grenadiers, perceiving his danger, 
raised the cry, " Forward — forward — save the gen- 
eral ! " At this the troops returned to the charge, and 
finally drove the Austrians out of the village. Nov. 
1796. 




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THE CISALPINE REPUBLIC. 



The independence of the Cisalpine Republic was de- 
clared on the 29th of June, 1797. A general federation 
of the national guards and of the authorities of the new 
Republic was held in the Lazaretto of Milan. On the 
14th of July, thirty thousand of the national guard and 
deputies from the departments swore fealty to the new 
Commonwealth. 

The Cisalpine Directory named its own ministers, the 
administrative authorities, and governed the Republic 
as an independent State. The keys of Milan, and of all 
the fortified places were duly remitted by the French to 
the Cisalpine officers, and the army quitted the States of 
the Republic and were cantoned upon the Venetian 
territory. 

Napoleon, after the treaty of Campo Formio, re- 
turned to Milan to complete the organization of this new 
State, and the administrative measures of its army. He 
bade adieu to the Italian people in an addi-ess, wherein 
he told them, that they were the first who had ever ac- 
quired liberty without a revolution. " We have given 
liberty to you; know how to keep it. You are, after 
France, the most populous and the richest republic- 
Prove yourselves worthy of your destiny, by enacting 
wise and moderate laws, and by enforcing them with 
energy." He told them to be sure that they had a suf- 
ficient sense of the dignity which attaches to a free 
people and promised them the protection of the French 
nation should they be attacked by neighboring States. 




THE CISALPmE EEPUBLIG. 



THE BATTLE OF THE PYRAMIDS. 



The subject of the accompanying engraving is derived 
from the account already given of the Battle of the 
Pyramids, at the moment when Napoleon, pointing to 
those remains of antiquity, and addressing his soldiers, 
exclaimed, " Soldats ! du haut de ces pyramidea, quarante 
Hiecles vous contemplent:' The results of this battle are 
well known, the name of Bounaparte, now spread panic 
through the East; and the Sultan Kebir or King of 
Fire, as he was called from the deadly effects of the 
musketry in this engagement was considered as the 
destined scourge of God, whom it was hopeless to 
resist. 




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THE REVOLT OF CAIRO, 



While the French were masters of Cairo, a conspir- 
acy was formed against them which exploded on the 
21st of October, 1798. The populace, at the instigation 
ot the Sheiks, had sworn by Mahomet to exterminate 
tlie French. At the commencement of the insurrection 
(xeneral Dupuy was mortally wounded, and several 
others were killed; when the drums were heard beating 
to arms, the Turks repaired to the Grand Mosque, where 
they assembled to the number of about 8,000 Here 
they were ordered to surrender, but refused, and seemed 
determmed to defend themselves to the last, when Na- 
poleon commanded bombs to be thrown from the citadel • 
this spread dismay and terror amongst the besieged' 
which was greatly increased by the French bursting 
open the doors. In a few moments the carnage became 
dreadlul. The fanaticism of the revolters prevented 
their perceiving the impossibility of successful resistance 
to the Frencn, who had been infuriated by seeing Briga- 
dier-General Sulkowski slain by the multitude. Girodet 
has produced a very animated picture of the scene 
The most remarkable group is that where a man com: 
pletely naked supports a young Turk, richly di-essed 
who IS about to receive his death-wound. Near him is a 
negro, also naked, aiming to ward o& the fatal blow 
and holding the head of a young Frenchman. On the' 
left IS an Hussar of extraorchnary stature, whose weapon 
seems to threaten death to the unfortunate Turk 



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THE FIGHT AT BENOUTH. 



General Bellla-RD learned that 2000 Mekkains 
and more than 1000 Arabs, conducted by Hassan, had 
attacked the flotilla at Benouth, and captured it, not- 
withstanding an active resistance. Although he had 
with him onlj 600 men of the 21st light dragoons, he 
crossed the Nile, and sought the enemy now strength- 
ened by the arrival of 400 Mamelukes. The fight was 
long and obstinate. The enemy lost their cannon, and 
fled in alarm ; part to the boats, where the French soldiery, 
in their fury, soon reached them ; more to Benouth, 
and into the castle, which they had previously fortified. 
There thej defended themselves fiercely, and repulsed 
several attacks. The order was then given to burn the 
village and the castle; and its occupants v^^ere soon 
surrounded with flames, which they were unable to extin- 
guish, and which closed up every means of egress ; their 
only chance of escape was to cut their way through the 
French soldiers, which thej attempted as a forlorn hope, 
when they were repulsed by a bod}^ of riflemen, whilst a 
column rushing upon a breach made in the wall, kept 
them within the castle, where they all perished. — 
March, 1799. 

The original of this painting, by M. Langlois, is in 
the Orleans Gallery, at the Palais Royal. 




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THE SPEECH AT THE PYRAMIDS. 



Ok the 21st of July the army came within sight of 
the Pyramids, which, but for their regularity of outr 
line might have been taken for a distant ridge of rocky 
mountains. While every eye was fixed on these hoary 
monuments of the past, the troops gained the brow of a 
gentle eminence, and saw at length spread out before 
them the vast armies of the Beys, its right posted on an 
intrenched camp by the Nile, its centre and left com- 
posed of that brilliant cavalry with which they were by 
this time acquainted. Napoleon, riding forward to 
reconnoitre, perceived, what escaped the observation of 
all his staff, that the guns of the entrenched camp were 
not provided with carriages ; and instantly decided on 
his plan of attack. He prepared to throw his force on 
the left, where the guns could not be made available. 
" Soldiers," said Napoleon, '' from the summit of yonder 
pyramid, forty ages behold you ; " and the battle began. 




THE SPEECH AT THE PTEAAIIDS, 



"ALL WHOM I COMMAND ARE MY 
CHILDREN." 



We may easily form an idea of the condition of the 
Egyptians, subject to the oppression of the Mamelukes 
on the one hand, and the rapacity of the Arabs on the 
other, when the French entered their territory under 
Napoleon, announcing themselves as avengers and liber- 
atoi's, as we find by the following occurrence, which has 
furnished the subject of M. Delorme's composition. 

One day when Bounaparte was surrounded by the 
grand Sheiks, some one told liim that the Arabs of the 
tribe of Osnadis had entered with an armed band 
into a village, driven off the herds, and killed an unfor- 
tunate fellah, who endeavored to make some resistance. 
Full of indignation, he ordered 200 dromedaries and 
300 horsemen to take the field in pursuit of the guilty 
party. The Sheiks,, surprised at the animated tone in 
which this command was given, looked at each other, 
for to them the life of a poor fellah was of no conse- 
quence. One of them observed to him that he had 
better not embroil himself with the Arabs, a people al- 
ways dangerous, who could retaliate more than the evil 
he could inflict on them. "Wherefore," added the 
Sheik Elmodi, " all this stir ? Because they have killed 
a fellah I Was he then thy cousin ? " " More than 
that ! " cried Napoleon with energy, " all whom I 
command are my children ! " And his gesture, more 
weighty than his words, sufficiently indicated that he 
took under his protection the unfortunate who came to 
plead for vengeance. " Taih ! " cried the astonished 
Sheik, "thou speakest like a prophet." — 1798. 




"ALL WHOM I COMMAND AEE MY CHILDREN, 



BUONAPARTE PARDONING THE REBELS 
AT CAIRO. 



Buonaparte had great difficulty in subduing the 
revolts at Cairo, and his work was only effected by an 
immense sacrifice of human life. He succeeded in 
forcing the rebels to take refuge in the mosque of 
Eleazar in the Isle of Ronda, whose approaches they se- 
cured with strong barricades. Here Napoleon summoned 
them to surrender; and by his order the divan, the 
principal sheiks and doctors of the law presented 
themselves at the barricades, to induce them if possible 
to comply with his summons. They were received by a 
fusilade, when, at a given signal. General Dommartin 
opened a battery upon the mosque. This battery was 
kept in constant and fearful play, and produced such 
consternation and terror among the rebels, that they 
cried loudly for permission to capitulate : " You refused 
mercy when I offered it," replied the General, " the hour 
of vengeance has arrived ; you commenced this tumult, 
it is for me to finish it." 

Reduced to despair, they attempted a sortie, but were 
met by the French grenadiers. At length they threw 
down their arms and surrendered at discretion ; implor- 
ing mercy, and uttering their cry of distress, Amman ! 




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THE PLAGUE OF JAFFA. 



On the 6th of May, 1799, Buonaparte summoned the 
commandant of the garrison of Jaffa to surrender, who 
rephed to the demand by very unceremoniously decapi- 
tating the messenger who carried the summons. The 
French commenced the attack on the city, and soon be- 
came masters of it ; they put the garrison to the sword, 
and abandoned the city to pillage by the soldiers. This 
horrible scene lasted for six and thirty hours ; and to the 
disgrace of the French be it said, they massacred their 
prisoners without mercy. 

" This conduct on the part of the French," says one 
of their own historians, "conquerors so generous in 
Egypt, no motive to vengeance could justify, but it be- 
came no less calamitous to them than it v/as to their 
victims. The plague, that terrible scourge of the East, 
began its ravages among the French soldiery the very 
day after the taking of Jaffa." 

The frightful cry, " It is the plague ! " spread itself 
amongst the soldiers, and struck terror into the hearts 
of the most courasfeous. 

On his return to Jaffa, on the 24th of May, Buonaparte 
repaired to the hospital, where there were many of the 
soldiers, some of them wounded, some afflicted with oph- 
thalmia, uttering most pitiable cries. The painter has at- 
tempted to convey an idea of this scene, and represents 
Buonaparte as touching a patient under the blight of the 
plague. 




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''YOU ARE THE GREATEST OF MEN." 



BuONAPAETE reached Alexandria on the evening of 
the 24th of July, 1799, where he found his army already 
posted in the neighborhood of Aboukir, and prepared to 
attack the Turks on the morrow. 

Surveying their entrenched camp from the heights 
above with Murat, he said, " Go how it may, the battle 
of tomorrow Avill decide the fate of the world." " Of 
this army, at least," answered Murat ; " but the Turks 
have no cavalry, and, if ever infantry were charged by 
horse, they shall be so hj mine." 

On the 25th the attack was commenced by the Frencli, 
and resisted for some time by the Turks with success. 
Murat, at length, was able to charge their main body in 
flank, when the troops became panic-stricken, and the 
battle was changed into a massacre ; and numerous 
Turks, to escape the swords of the French, precipitated 
themselves into the sea, where they were nearly all 
drowned. This eventful day crowned the labors of 
Buonaparte in Egypt with glory and honor ; and after the 
victor}^, Kleber, in a transport of admiration, pressed 
Napoleon in his arms, saying, " General ! you are the 
greatest of men ! " 




'TOU AEE THE GKEATEST OP MEN". 



NAPOLEON INSCRIBING HIS NAME 
AT MOUNT SINAI. 



Napoleon, having crossed the Red Sea, at the ford, 
was met on the opposite shore, by a deputation of 
Cenobites from Mount Sinai. These monks threw 
themselves at his feet, imploring his protection ; and 
after having invoked the blessings of heaven on his 
head, they presented for his signature the ancient regis- 
ter of their privileges. Napoleon smiled at their re- 
quest; he took the pen, and no doubt flattered by an 
homage so extraordinary, signed his name already im- 
mortal beside those of Ali, of Saladin, and of Ibrahim. 




NAPOLEON mSGEIBIISra HIS NAME ON MOUNT SINAI, 



NAPOLEON AT MALMAISON. 



TowAED the close of the year 1799, Napoleon oc- 
cupied the palace of the Luxembourg. Several courtiers 
thought that a palace in the country should also be 
allotted to his use. . He had lived at Malmaison, but 
this was considered unsuitable for the abode of the chief 
of a great republic and it was decided that St. Cloud 
should be offered him. This he chose to decline. 

In August, 1802, Napoleon was made consul for life. 
The court then became such as it had been at Versailles 
under the Bourbons. A French writer says, that when 
at the Tuileries, "he found it a tiresome abode ; there he 
had no freedom — no liberty. His happiest days were 
spent at Malmaison. Great in himself, he appeared still 
greater in that charming retreat." 

Having formerly refused St. Cloud at the hands of 
the people, he now took it on his own authority. There 
he had less leisure than at Malmaison, as etiquette was 
augmented in proportion to the grandeur of his estab- 
lishment. 

Josephine suffered more from this new state of 
things than any other individual. She was much at- 
tached to Malmaison ; it was there she had spent many 
happy hours with her dearest friends. She was often 
heard to say, " How all this excitement fatigues and 
wearies me I I have not a moment to myself ! I ought 
to have been the wife of an humble cottager." 











NAPOLEON AT MALMAISON. 



THE BATTLE OF MARENGO. 



On the lltli of June, 1800, and in the evening after 
the battle of Montebello, General Desaix arrived at 
headquarters. The two generals conversed with each 
other nearly the whole night. Desaix had much to tell of 
Egj'pt, since Napoleon had quitted it ; and he now burned 
to distinguish himself in the Italian campaign. Napo- 
leon immediately gave him the command of a division. 

Early in the morning on the 14th of June, the Aus- 
trians commenced a furious attack on the village of 
Marengo. The First Consul found it necessary to call 
in Desaix, who was now half a day's journey distant 
from headquarters, where he had been sent to watch the 
road to Genoa. Napoleon arrived on the field at ten 
o'clock, when the enemy was in possession of Marengo, 
and the division under Victor was completely routed. 
He sent his guard to Victor's aid, and assisted himself 
in the support of Lannes, directing the division of Carra- 
Saint-Cyr upon the extreme right, in order to take in 
flank the whole left wing of the enemy. 

At the moment when the Austrian horse were about 
to rush on Lannes' retreating corps, the reserve under 
Desaix appeared on the outskirts of the field. Desaix 
himself riding up to the First Consul with " I think this 
is a battle lost." " I think it is a battle won," answered 
Napoleon, '' do you push on, and I will speedily rally 
the line behind you." And in effect the timely arrival 
of this reserve turned the fortune of the day. 




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THE BATTLE OF ABOUKIR. 



The Turkish outposts were assaulted early on the 
mornmg of the 24th of July, 1799, and driven in with 
great slaughter ; but the French, as they advanced, 
came within range of the batteries and of the ships that 
lay close hj the shore, and were checked. This might 
have ended in a rout, but for the undisciplined eagerness 
with which the Turks engaged in the task of despoiling 
those that fell before them — thus giving Murat the op- 
portunity of charging their main body in flank with 
his cavalry, at the moment when the infantiy, rallying 
under the eye of Napoleon, forced their way into the 
intrenchments. From that moment, the battle was a 
massacre. The Turks, attacked on all sides, were panic- 
stricken ; and the sea was covered with the turbans of 
men who flung themselves headlong into the waves, 
rather than await the fury of Le Beau Sabreur^ or the 
steady rolling fire of the Sultan Kehir. Six thousand 
surrendered at discretion ; twelve thousand perished on 
the field, or in the sea. 




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THE REVIEW BY THE FIRST CONSUL 



On the 17th Brumaire (November 9th, 1799), Napo- 
leon intimated to the officers of the army, that he would 
review their regiments the next morning at seven 
o'clock; he at the same time reminded all the generals 
who had been with him in Egypt, that he would be glad 
to see them at an early hour. 

On November 10th, the Council of the Ancients as- 
sembled at six o'clock in the morning ; when it was pro- 
posed to remove their sitting to St. Cloud that Napoleon 
might be invested with the command of the 17th military 
division. The motion was passed as a decree, though 
not without a strong opposition. 

An hour after, Napoleon, surrounded by a great num- 
ber of generals and officers, of every grade, attended at 
the bar of the assembly to return thanks for the confi- 
dence they had shown in him ; and then returned to the 
Tuileries to review the troops. 

As soon as it was reported throughout the capital 
that Napoleon was at the Tuileries, and that the chief 
power was now vested in him. The people ran thither 
in crowds. A proclamation was addressed to the people, 
and another to the soldiers. 




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NAPOLEON AT MOUNT ST. BERNARD. 



The original picture from which this engraving is 
copied, ornaments the hbrary at the Hotel des Invalides. 
It was painted at the express command of Napoleon. 

The first consul left Paris for Dijon, on the 6th of 
May, 1800, where the reserve army was being organized. 
At Geneva, he had an interview with the chief of en- 
gineers, for the purpose of ascertaining the particulars 
of the intended route ; especially directing his inquiries 
to the difficult passage across St. Bernard. At the close 
of the interview, Napoleon said, " Do you believe, then, 
that the army will be able to accomplish this ? " " Yes, 
General," replied the intrepid engineer, "it is possible 
for French soldiers." " Ah well ! " said Napoleon, " let 
us attempt it then." And the orders were immediately 
given for the army to commence its march. 

On the 15th, at the head of 30,000 of his troops, Na- 
poleon began the ascent of St. Bernard. From St. 
Pierre to the summit the trail was so narrow that the 
troops were obliged to move in single file. In the course 
of a few days he performed what General Suvaroff had 
not dared to undertake in the preceding year : and thus 
the name of Napoleon was placed on the list with Han- 
nibal and Charlemagne. 




BONAPARTE AT MOUNT ST. BERNARD. 



THE DEATH OF DESAIX. 



At three o'clock in the afternoon, Napoleon took up 
his position on the road to San Juliano. " Sokhers ! " 
he cried, "■ we have retreated far enough, now let us ad- 
vance ! You know it is my custom to sleep on the 
battle field I " Desaix was ordered to throw himself 
with his fresh troops upon the 6000 grenadiers of Col- 
onel Zach. Desaix prepared to carry out these orders, 
but was shot dead at the first fire. " Alas ! I must not 
weep," said Napoleon ; but the loss of this esteemed 
general redoubled the fury of the troops, Zach himself 
was taken prisoner ; and the next day Melas entered 
into a negotiation, offering to abandon Genoa, and all 
the strong places in Piedmont, Lombardy, and the Lega- 
tions, — provided Napoleon would allow him to march 
the shattered remains of his army unmolested to the 
rear of Mantua ; this offer Napoleon accepted, and thus 
became the conqueror of Italy. 



CORONATION OF NAPOLEON. 



This imposing ceremony was performed on the 2d 
of December, 1804, in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, in 
the midst of all that was splendid and illnstrious in the 
Capital of France. With a view to show his power 
rather than to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the Pope, 
either temporal or spiritual, Napoleon summoned Pius 
VII. to be in attendance on the day of his inauguration 
at Paris. In compliance with this, the unresisting Pope 
left Rome on the 5th of November, and blessed the Em- 
peror and Empress, and also consecrated the diadems. 
Napoleon, however, placed the crown on his own head, 
and then on the head of Josephine, who received it 
kneeling on a cushion at the foot of the altar steps. 
We are told that " throughout the ceremonial his aspect 
was thoughtful ; it was on a stern and gloomy brow that 
with his own hands he planted the symbol of successful 
ambition and uneasy power, and the shouts of the 
deputies present, sounded faint and hollow amidst the 
.silence of the people." 




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THE FIRST CORPS CROSSES THE 
MAINE. 



Admiral Villeneuve in engaging in the disastrous 
battle of Trafalgar, spoiled the great plan of descending 
upon England. 

The illustrious Pitt took means to avert the storm 
which menaced the British Isles. A treaty of alliance 
was signed by Russia and Austria, and the third coalition 
against France was formed. Napoleon gave orders for 
breaking up the camp at Boulogne ; and, whilst a por- 
tion of the army commenced their march toward Stras- 
burg. Marshal Bernadotte issued orders to occupy the 
fortresses of Hameln and Nienburgh, with the 19th 
regiment of the line. General Marunno was at the same 
time ordered to break up his camp at Zeist, to quit Hol- 
land and ascend the Rhine, arriving upon the Maine 
with the First corps of the army, to take part in any 
subsequent operations. — September 17, 1805. 




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THE FOURTH CORPS AT DONAWERTH. 



Napoleon had crossed the Rhine with his army. 

The left wing, composed of the corps under Marshal 
Bernadotte, and of that under General Marmont, with 
the Bavarian army, set out on the 1st and 2d of Octo- 
ber forWeissenburg. 

Marshal Davoust, leaving Neckarels, followed the road 
to Meikumlh, Ingelfrugen, Chreilsheim, Drinkelspuhl, 
Frembdingen, CEttingen, and Haarburg. 

Marshal Soult advanced upon the Danube. 

Ney, leaving Stuttgart, followed the road to Natt- 
heim. 

Marshal Lannes quitted Ludwisburg, and directed 
his march towards Nordeingen. 

On the 6th of October the army held the following- 
positions : — 

Bernadotte at Weissenburg. 

Davoust at Altingen upon the Wernitz. 

Soult, master of the bridge of Munster, at the gates 
of Donawerth. 

Ney at Kossingen. 

Lannes at Neresheim. 

And the cavalry, under Murat, along the Danube. 

The second division of that portion of the army 
under Marshal Soult, commanded by General Van- 
damme, having arrrived at Donawerth on the evening of 
the 6th, had the honor of beginning the attack on the 
Austrian Army. 




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THE EMPEROR'S ARRIVAL AT 
AUGSBURG. 



Napoleon exhibited to his officers and soldiers an 
example of indefatigable activity. On horseback, night 
and day, he was continually in the midst of liis troops, 
and chiefly where he thought his presence most neces- 
sary to excite the energy of his soldiers. He did not 
forget that similar conduct had mainly contributed to 
his success in Italy ; and he was wise enough to see the 
importance of inducing those under his command, by 
constantly observing their actions, to expect that he 
would appreciate their services, and reward them with 
liberality. 

N"ey had received orders to bear down upon Ulm. 
Murat advanced upon Burgau, and sought to cut off the 
retreat of the enemy. 

The French army, since crossing the Danube, had 
succeeded in cutting off the communication between 
some parts of the enemy's army ; and Napoleon, arriving 
at Augsburg on the evening of the 10th of October, 
1805, made preparations to destroy the remainder. 

Napoleon met the troops under General Marmont, at 
the bridge of Lech, on the day just named. Here he 
had the regiment formed into a circle, and harangued 
them in the manner of the Roman emperors. 

M. Gautherot has endeavored to portray tliis scene, of 
which another engraving and description Avill be found 
in another part of tliis work. 




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NAPOLEON CROWNED KING OF ITALY. 



Amid the great events which were then bemg enacted, 
one — not the least in importance — awaited the Em- 
peror of France in the capital of the Cisalpine Republic, 
now become the kingdom of Italy. The Italians decided 
to offer the crown to the conqueror of Areola and 
Marengo, and in pursuance of that decision they dis- 
patched a deputation to Paris. Accepting that offer. 
Napoleon and the Empress Josephine repaired to Milan, 
where they were crowned on the 26th of May, 1805, 
with unusual splendor. On this occasion, as at Paris, 
Napoleon himself placed the crown upon his own head ; 
and, when taking it from the altar, he exclaimed aloud, 
" Giod gives it to me ; hetvare ivho touches it ! " On the 
8th of June, Prince Eugene, the adopted son of Napo- 
leon, was proclaimed Viceroy of Ital}- ; and the French 
Emperor returned to his army, to make preparations for 
the memorable campaign of Austerlitz. 




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NAPOLEON CROSSING THE RHINE AT 
KEHL. 



On September 21st, 1805, the three divisions under 
Bernadotte, took their position at Butzbach, in the i3rov- 
ince of Gros-Herzogth ; and on the 30th of the same 
month, the whole army was united before Wurtzburg. 
General Marmont arrived at Mayence with his corps, 
joining Bernadotte and the Bavarians. 

The different columns of the army arrived success- 
ively upon the Rhine from the 20th to the 26th of Sep- 
tember ; these corps were commanded by Marshals Soult, 
Davoust, Ney, and Lannes ; Murat commanding the re- 
serve of cavalry. They formed a line of which the right 
was at Strasburg, the centre at Spire, and the left at 
Mayence. 

The reserve of cavalry, composed of five divisions, 
crossed the Rhine on the 25th of September, at Kehl. 
Lannes and his corps, consisting of the grenadiers under 
Oudinot, and of a division under Suchet, crossed the 
Rhine at the same place ; and Marshal Ney, with his 
divisions, under Dupont, Loison, and Malher, and the 
dragoons of Baragay d'Hilliers, followed on the 26th. 

Soult with the divisions of Vandamme, Legrand, 
and St. Hilaire, effected his passage at Spire; and 
Davoust at Manheim at the head of the divisions under 
F'riant, Gudin, and Bouvrier. 



THE FOURTH CORPS ENTERING 
AUGSBURG. 



General Vandamme, in the action at Donawertli, 
routed the regiment of Colloredo, who defended the 
bridge, killed about 60 men and took 150 prisoners. 
Marshal Soult hastened to the bridge, and bore down 
upon Augsburg with the di'vision under Vandamme and 
Legrand ; while St. Hilaire marched his troops up the 
left bank of the Danube, to watch the movements of 
the army collected round Ulm, and, afterward, followed 
the two divisions we have just named. 

Murat arrived at Donawerth on the morning of the 
7th of October, 1805, with the dragoons commanded by 
General Walter, and crossed the river to bear down 
rapidly upon the Lech. Colonel Watliier, at the head of 
200 dragoons of the Fourth Regiment, crossed that river 
by swimming, to occupy the bridge on the road to Rain. 
A regiment of Austrian cuirassiers made some efforts at 
resistance, but were charged so gallantly by Wathier 
and his small handful of men that the bridge remained 
in the hands of the French. 

Napoleon, who accompanied the corps under Lannes, 
took up his quarters at Zusmershausen, where he re- 
viewed the cavalry under Murat, as well as the two 
divisions under Oudinot and Suchet. 

Marshal Soult, after having manoeuvred with Legrand's 
division on the 7th and 8th of October, rejoined that of 
Vandamme, to make for Augsburg by the right bank of 
the Lech ; wliilst St. Hilaire pursued the same course on 
the left. Soult met with the debris of the Austrian col- 
umn, beaten and dispersed, at Wertingen ; from which 
village he drove them, and entered Augsburg. 




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NAPOLEON ADDRESSES THE ARMY. 

The second corps of the Grand Army, commanded 
by General Marmont, was on a forced march to take its 
position upon the heights of lUersheim, near Augsburg. 
The Emperor was by the bridge of Lech, and each 
regiment was ordered to form a circle, and Napoleon 
addressed them on the situation. He said a serious en- 
gagement was probably at hand, and expressed his con- 
fidence in their bravery. Notwithstanding the bad 
weather, and the severe cold, while they listened to his 
harangue, the soldiers appeared to forget their fatigue 
and pant for the combat. 

Such was the subject given to Gautherot, when com- 
manded to paint this picture. Napoleon occupies the 
middle of the scene ; near him is Marshal Bassieres hold- 
ing his baton ; and at a little distance mounted upon a 
horse which is leaping forward, we observe General 
Marmont, Deputy-Marshal. In the back-ground stands 
the city of Augsburg. The whole of the surrounding 
country is covered with snow. 




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THE SURRENDER OF ULM. 



On the 29th of October, 1805, the Austrians sur- 
rendered Uhn to Napoleon. 

In execution of the articles of capitulation, the Aus- 
trian troops passed in review before the Emperor, with 
all the honors of war. This ceremony began at two 
o'clock in the afternoon and continued until seven 
o'clock in the evening. The number of the prisoners 
was estimated at 30,000 — 2000 of them cavalry. Sixty 
pieces of cannon and forty flags were delivered into the 
hands of the conquerors, who were encamped on the 
hills above the city. 

The Emperor, surrounded by his guard, caused the 
Austrian generals to be brought before him ; they were, 
General Mack, Commander-in-Chief ; eight Lieutenant- 
Generals, and eight Ma jor-Generals. Napoleon treated 
them with great respect, and said, " Gentlemen, the Em- 
peror, your master maintains an unjust war against me. 
I tell you with candor, I know not wherefore he fights 
with me ; I know not what he demands of me." Then 
directiner their attention to the French troops ranged 
upon the hills in battle array, he added : " It is not in this 
army alone that my strength consists ; were it so indeed, 
I would still endeavor to force my way with that alone ; 
but I refer you to the reports which your soldiers, whom 
I now send prisoners to France, shall furnish ; they will 
see the spirit which animates my people, and with what 
zeal they will rally round my standard." 



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NAPOLEON RECEIVING THE KEYS OF 

VIENNA. 



On the 10th of November, 1805, Mortier met the 
rear guard of the Eussians, 25,000 strong, and defeated 
them after a combat of several hours, having with him 
only 5000 French troops. 

On the foUowiiig morning, the citizens of Vienna, 
Avhom the Austrian Emperor had abandoned, opened the 
gates of that capital to the French Emperor. 

Let us see what was said in one of the bulletins of 
this magical campaign : 

"The Emperor has not yet received any of the 
authorities of Vienna, except a deputation from the dif- 
ferent bodies of the city, who, on the day of his arrival, 
met him at Sigarts-Kirchen. They were composed of 
the Prince of Seuzendorf, the prelate of Scidenstetten, 
the Count of Veterani, the Baron cle Kees, the Burgo- 
master of the city, M. de Wohebben, and General 
Burgeois. 

" His majesty received them with much condescen- 
sion, and told them that they might assure the people of 
Vienna of his protection. 

" General Clarke is named Governor-General of 
Lower Austria ; Darn is appointed Intendant General." 

Girodet has chosen his subject from this fragment 
of the bulletin. On the side of the Emperor are the 
Princes Murat and Neufchatel, Marshal Bessieres, and 
other officers of different ranks. 



THE MORNING OF AUSTERLITZ. 



At one o'clock in the morning of December 2d, 1805, 
the Emperor mounted his horse, to take a survey of his 
position, and to ascertain from the advance guards what 
they had observed of the movements of the Russians. 
He wished to do so without being recognized, but the 
soldiery recognized him immediately, and, lighting great 
fires of straw all along the line, received him from post 
to post with enthusiasm. They reminded him that this 
was the anniversary of his coronation and assured him 
that they would celebrate the day in a manner worthy of 
it : ' only promise us,' cried an old grenadier, ' that you 
will keep j^ourself out of range.' "I will do so," 
answered Napoleon. . " I shall be with the reserve until 
you need we." This pledge, which so completely reveals 
the mutual confidence of the leader and his soldiers, he 
repeated in a proclamation issued at day break. The sun 
rose with unusual splendor ; and was the harbinger of 
one of the most lovely days in autumn. This engage- 
ment, wliich the soldiers jjersist in calling the battle of 
the three emperors, will be ever memorable in the calen- 
dar of the " great " nation. 

The Emperor surrounded by his sta.ff, gave his last 
orders at dawn and each marshal hastened to rejoin his 
corps. 







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PRESENTATION OF AUSTRIAN ENSIGNS 
TO THE FRENCH SENATE. 

After the battle of Austeiiitz, where the Austrian 
power was so nearly destroyed, the French conqueror 
sent a fasceau of ensigns to the tribunes, to be presented 
to the Senate which had seconded by its decrees the or- 
ganization of the army. 

It was in the hall where the sittings were held before 
the marble statues of all the great men of an(;ient days 
that the tribunes, bearing the Austrian eagles came in a 
body to offer them to the first dignitaries in France. 
The tribunes entered, clothed in their rich costumes, 
which contrasted well with the color of the warlike 
trophies they bore. 

On the left of the picture, the President is seated to 
receive the deputation, surrounded by his secretaries. 
The Duke of Dantzic appears by his gesture to direct 
the proceedings. On the same side we observe the 
Chancellor of the Legion of Honor, and two other sena- 
tors. On the right some other members of the Senate 
seem to congratulate one another on participating in 
such an honorable event. These are portraits. The 
sumptuous vestments and the hats ornamented with 
plumes, which the artist has introduced with much in- 
genuity, contribute to render the foreground of the pic- 
ture effective. 



THE 76TH REGIMENT RECOVERING ITS 
COLORS. 



A French regiment, the 76th of the line, had lost 
its colors in the Grisons ; it knew that Europe had not 
forgotten its misfortune, which was not occasioned, 
however, by want of courage. After the taking of forts 
Charnitz and Neustark on the 9th of November, 1805, 
this regiment entered Inspruck ; an officer of the guard 
recognized in the arsenal the long lost colors and an- 
nounced it to his comrades. The soldiers crowded for- 
ward, when their chief, Marshal Ney, standing in the 
midst, exhibited these flags the subject of so many re- 
grets. '' I return them to you," said he, " confident that 
you will never lose them again." On the right of the 
engraving, a young soldier, raised upon the arms of his 
comrades, is seen tracing these words upon the wall : 
'• Le 76e refrouve ses drapeaux dans V arsenal d' Inspruck^ 
1805." 

This picture formed part of the exhibition of 1808, 
when the committee deemed it worthy of honorable 
mention. In painting it, the artist, M. Meynier, had a 
great difficulty to overcome, that of so many men clad 
in uniforms of the same color ; this, however, he has over- 
come with great success. 

By order of the Bourbons, the head of the General has 
been changed ; they were not willing that aught of Ney 
should be seen, to remind his judges and executioners 
of the part they acted in his political murder. 




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THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BATTLE OF 
AUSTERLITZ 



It is said that Napoleon, after having ascertained 
the exact position of his army, on the night previous to 
the battle of Austerlitz, fell asleep in the midst of his 
general officers. This was about midnight, when he 
snatched an hour from his important duties to restore 
the energies of his wearied frame. Ingratitude and 
treason were alone able to conquer the will and the power 
that were to astonish future ages, and to be felt, if not 
acknowledged, to all time. 



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THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ. 



The ]|ussian General-in-chief, Kutusoff, fell into 
the snare Napoleon had held for him, and sent a large 
division of his army to tnrn the right of the French. 
The troops detached for tliis purpose met with unex- 
pected resistance from Davoust, and were held in check 
at Raygern. Napoleon immediately seized the opportu- 
nity ; they had left a deep gap in the line, and into that 
space Soult forthwith poured a force which entirely de- 
stroyed communication between the Russian centre and 
left. The Czar perceived the fatal consequences of this 
movement, and his guards rushed forward to beat back 
Soult. It was on an eminence, called the hill of Pratzen, 
that the encounter took place. The Russians began to 
drive the French infantry before them. Napoleon ordered 
Bessieres to hurry with the Imperial Guard to their 
rescue. The Russians were in some disorder and flushed 
with victory, but they resisted bravely, though they were 
finally broken and driven back. The Grand Duke Con- 
stantine, who had led them gallantly only escaped by 
the fleetness of his horse. 

The French centre now advanced, and the charges 
of its cavalry were decisive. The Emperors of Russia 
and Germany beheld from the heights their right wing, 
which had hitherto stood well against the impetuosity of 
Lannes, forced down into a hollow under the incessant 
fire of artillery from above, where some small frozen 
lakes offered the only means of escape from the ap- 
proaching cannonade. 




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NAPOLEON'S INTERVIEW WITH THE 
AUSTRIAN EMPEROR. 



The defeat of the allied army at the battle of 
Austeiiitz induced the Emperor of Austria to seek an 
interview with Napoleon, in order, if possible, to con- 
clude a treaty of peace. With this in view he com- 
missioned Prince Jean de Lichtenstein to ascertain 
whether this would be agreeable to the conqueror or 
not : Napoleon agreed and ajDpointed the 4th of Decem- 
ber, 1805, to receive Francis II. at his bivouac. 

On that day the haughty Emperor went to the 
French headquarters and Napoleon said, " I receive you 
in the only palace I have known for the last two 
months." To which the humiliated Sovereign replied, 
'•' You have made so good a use of them, that you ought 
not to complain of your accommodation." The two 
Princes soon concliided an armistice, and the principal 
conditions of peace were promptly arranged. Francis 
demanded that the Czar should be permitted to pass to 
his own country in safety. Napoleon agreed to this, 
provided the Russians would evacuate Germany and 
Poland, both Austrian and Prussian. The Austrian 
Emperor assured him that he felt sure such was the in- 
tention of the Czar, but desired that an officer might be 
sent to learn definitely the sentiments of the Russian 
Emperor on that point ; and General Savary was dis- 
patched to ascertain if Alexander would adhere to this 
armistice. 




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STATUES ON THE COLUMN OF THE 
GRAND ARMY. 



One of tlie engravings represents the statue which 
formerly crowned the summit of the splendid column 
in the Place Vendome, designed by M. Chaudet in imi- 
tation of the ancient classic statues of the Roman Em- 
perors. It has, however, been displaced by the modern 
one reproduced in our plate executed from the design 
showing Napoleon in his accustomed dress as General 
of the French Army. 




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THE DUCHESS OF WEIMAR AND 
NAPOLEON. 

After the battle of Jena, Napoleon took up his 
quarters at Weimar ; the royal family of Prussia having 
fled on the approach of the conqueror. The Duchess, 
however, did not abandon her capital, though her lord 
and master was at the head of 25,000 men in the Prus- 
sian army. She retired with her attendants into one 
wing of the palace, and prepared the best apartment for 
the reception of the French Emperor. On his arrival 
she placed herself at the head of the principal staircase 
to receive him ; when on seeing her, he abruptly de- 
manded, " Qiii etes vous Madame f^ to which she replied, 
•' Je suis la Duchesse de Weima7\"' ^ Then I pity you," 
said Napoleon, " for your husband has lost his duchy." 
He paid her no further attention but retired to his 
apartment. 

In the morning, the Duchess was informed that the 
city had been pillaged, and was still in confusion. She 
sent one of her chamberlains to inquire after the health 
of the Emperor and demand an audience. Napoleon 
was pleased, and expressed a wish that she should break- 
fast with him. Scarcely had the Duchess arrived, when, 
according to his usual custom, he began to question her 
respecting her husband, and enquired why he was fool- 
ish enough to make war upon him ; to Avhich she replied, 
that Napoleon would have despised him if he had acted 
otherwise. " Why ? " asked Napoleon. " My husband," 
said the Duchess, '' has been thirty years in the service 
of Prussia. He could not quit the King's service with 
honor at the moment when the latter had to contend 
against an enemy so powerful as your majestv." 




THE DtrOHESS OP WEIMAR AND ITAPOLEON. 



NAPOLEON RECEIVING THE DEPUTIES 
OF THE SENATE. 



The almost total annihilation of the Prussian army 
at the battle of Jena, opened the gates of Berlin to Na- 
poleon. On the 25th of October, 1806, he was at Pots- 
dam, and visited the royal castle. Sans Souci. The 
Prussian Court had abandoned Potsdam and Berlin so 
precipitately, that nothing had been removed from the 
king's palace. Napoleon made his solemn entry into 
Berlin on the 27th. 

The war with Prussia was thus ended. Of the 
150,000 men who formed the main body of the Prussian 
army, seven-eighths had been killed or made prisoners ; 
and the army of Frederic-William now consisted of only 
20,000 men, infantry and cavalry. The king, the queen, 
and some of the Prussian generals who had sought 
refuge in Koenigsberg, were reduced to so deplorable 
a situation that they were obliged to throw themselves 
on the generosity of the conqueror, and sue for peace. 
This was granted. 

The French Senate complimented the Emperor on 
his success; and received from him the ensigns won 
from the enemy in that splendid campaign. Three hun- 
dred and forty banners and standards taken at Jena, 
as well as the sword, scarf, collar, and ribbon of Frederic 
the Great, Avere sent to the deputies to be placed under 
their care in the Hotel des Invalides. 



THE SWORD OF FREDERIC THE GREAT. 



Marshal Davoust, and the third division entered 
Berlin. This honor was the recompense for the glorious 
part which these brave troops had taken in the battle of 
Jena. A favor so simple, rivalling in that respect the 
oak leaf chaplet of the Romans, intoxicated the soldiers 
who received it, and they swore to be to the Emj)eror, 
what the Tenth Legion was to Ccesar. 

He visited the vault Avhere the remains of Frederic 
were deposited in a coffin of cedar-wood, encased in 
another of brass, without ornament or pompous inscrip- 
tion. Napoleon forbade the passage of the colors, eagles 
and cannon taken from the Prussians, over the place 
where the ashes of the illustrious monarch reposed lest 
it might distress his shade, or seem an insult to his 
tomb. 

The memorable spoils of which we have spoken in 
giving an account of Napoleon's visit to Frederic's 
grave, were received in Paris with wild delight, and de- 
posited with much pomp in the Hotel des Livalides^ 
under guard of the veterans. Amongst these were yet 
alive 900 who had borne arms against Frederic, and 
they received Avith gratitude, presents which in their 
old age renewed remembrances of the army and its im- 
mortal chief. Like the warriors of Sparta, they wev' 
proud of being surpassed by their children. 




THE SWOED OP PREDEl^JGK THE OREAT 



THE BATTLE OF JENA. 



Napoleox arrived at Jena on the IBtli of October, 
1806, and soon divined that it was the intention of the 
Prussians to fight on the morrow. 

Giving orders to Davoust and Bernadotte, and not 
waiting for the guard, which were thirt}' hours' march 
away, he determined on beginning the attack himself. 

Lannes ranged his corps on a plateau in front of 
Jena, which the Prussians had unwisely neglected to 
occupy. Lefebvre and the Imperial Guard formed in a 
square upon the summit, and Napoleon bivouaced in 
the midst of his troops. 

He offered rewards for every piece of artillery that 
was dragged on to the plateau, and reminded his men 
that the Prussians Avere fighting for their lives — and 
not for honor ; and that if hard pressed they were sure 
to be entirely routed. Such was the result; 20,000 
Prussians were either killed or taken prisoners, among 
them twenty generals ; 300 guns, and sixty standards 
were part also of the spoil. 



MARSHAL NEY AT ELCHINGEN. 



At break of day on the 14th of October, 1806, 
Marshal Ney attacked the bridge of Elchingen, with 
Loison's division. The enemy occupied their position 
Avith 15,000 or 16,000 men and upon them the 69th 
regiment of the line began the attack in admirable order 
and with the greatest sang froid, supported by the 76th 
regiment of infantry, the 18th of dragoons, and the 10th 
of chasseurs. These four regiments rivalled each other 
in intrepidity and bravery. Repulsed in two successive 
charges, they began a third attack with still more fury ; 
and after four hours of a murderous fusilade the 
enemy were driven back, abandoning their position at 
Elchingen, and were pursued into their entrenchments 
in front of Ulm. One Major-general, and 3000 men 
were made prisoners, and several pieces of artillery were 
lost to the French on this brilliant day ; which after- 
ward procured for Ney the title of Duke of Elchingen. 




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NAPOLEON'S CLEMENCY. 



Prince Hatzfeld, the Prussian Governor of Berlin, 
at the time that city was taken b}^ the French, impru- 
dently sent Prince Hohenloe, by letter, certain informa- 
tion respecting the movements and condition of the 
French army. This letter was intercepted; upon which 
Napoleon directed the appointment of a military com- 
mission to try the Prince on the charge of treason and 
espionage. 

Previous to the sitting of the commission, however, 
the Princess Hohenloe sought and ained admittance 
to the Emperor, by the aid of Duroc. Napoleon ap- 
peared touched by her situation ; and directed his aid-de- 
omnjy to write to Marshal Davoust, who was at the head 
of the commission, to suspend judgment. 

The Princess protested the innocence of her husband. 
Napoleon said with kindness, " Your husband has placed 
himself in an awkward situation ; according to our laws 
he merits death." Then taking the fatal letter he re- 
quested her to read it. The Princess trembled with 
fear. Napoleon took the letter again, and threw it into 
the fire ; saying " Now, Madam, I have no proof of jovly 
husband's crime — he is pardoned ! " 










NAPOLEOIT'S GLEMENOY. 



THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT EYLAU. 



The battle of Eylau, fought on the 8th of Februaiy, 
1807, was a scene of carnage wliich histed from morning 
until night, and the field of battle presented a most hor- 
rible scene. Let any one imagine upon a square league 
of ground nine or ten thousand dead bodies, four or five 
thousand horses killed, whole lines of Russian knap- 
sacks, broken muskets and sabres, cannon balls, liowitzer 
shells, and ammunition, twenty-four pieces of cannon, 
near which Avere lying the bodies of their drivers, killed 
as they were trying to carry them off ! — and all this on 
a field covered with snow. 

About noon on the 9th, Napoleon rode over the 
field, stopping continually to question the wounded, to 
console and succor as many as possible. The Russians, 
instead of the death they expected, found a generous 
conqueror, and prostrating themselves before him, held 
up their hands in token of their gratitude. 

The Emperor, mounted upon a light bay horse, was 
accompanied by Princes Murat and Berthier, Marshals 
Soult, Davoust, Bessieres, and General Caulaincourt, 
Mouton, Gardaune, and Le Brun. 

The original painting of this subject, by IVL Gros, is 
now in the Luxembourg. 




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THE BATTLE OF FRIEDLAND. 



On the 14th of June, 1807, the Russian General was 
compelled to accept battle. " This is a day of good for- 
tune," said the French Emperor ; " it is the anniversary 
of the battle of Marengo ! " Napoleon reconnoitred the 
enemy's position, and decided to raze the city of Fried- 
land. Ney commenced operations under cover of a bat- 
tery of thirty pieces, placed in the centre, causing severe 
loss to the Russians. The imperial Russian guard lying 
in ambush in a ravine, intrepidly advanced, and charged 
the left wing of Ney 's division, which was for a moment 
broken; but Dupont's division marched to their support 
and brought most horrible carnage with them. The 
field of battle at the conclusion of the day was dreadful 
to behold ; the Russians lost 18,000 men, while the 
French loss was only from 4000 to 5000. Cannon, to 
the number of 120 pieces, 20,000 prisoners, and an im- 
mense number of flags remained in the hands of the 
French. 




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THE SIMPLON PASS. 



The early history of the Simplon Pass is involved 
ill much obscurity, and nothing certain is known even 
of the origin of its name. It was under Napoleon's 
orders that the present road was constructed. 

The new Simplon Road was, in its intention and 
execution, a military work. It was determined upon 
immediately after the battle of Marengo, whilst the diffi- 
culties of the passage of the Great St. Bernard, and the 
almost fatal check received at Fort Bard were fresh in 
the recollection of Napoleon. It was executed between 
1800 and 1807, under the direction of M. Ceard, the en- 
gineer-in-chief of the department of Leman, by whom 
the road was begun and completed. It now stands as 
one of the most extraordinary and daring achievements 
of man. 




THE SIMPLON PASS. 



BATTLE OF ESSLING. 



On the 19tli of May, 1809, Napoleon took possession 
of the villages of Asperne and Essling, with so little op- 
position, that it was evident the Archduke wished the 
battle, now unavoidable, to take place with the river 
between the enemy and Vienna. 

On the 21st of May, at day-break, the Archduke 
Charles appeared on a hill at some distance from the 
French, whose army consisted of 20,000 men. The 
Austrians began by a furious assault on the village of 
Asperne, which was taken and re-taken several times. 
Essling was also attacked three times ; but there the 
French held their own. 

Night interrupted the battle ; the Austrians exulting 
in their partial success. On the following morning the 
French recovered the church of Asperne. The right 
wing of the Austrians renewed their assaults with in- 
creased energy on that point. Napoleon seeing them in 
such numbers, judged that the centre and left had been 
reduced, in order to strengthen the right wing, and in- 
stantly moved an immense body on the Austrian centre, 
so as to shake the Archduke's line, and for a few min- 
utes victory seemed secure. From this time the battle 
continued with varied success ; the Austrians at length 
succeeded in destroying the bridge connecting the island 
of Lobau with the right bank. On this Napoleon fell 
back on Lobau ; when the Austrians perceiving their re- 
treat recovered their order and zeal, charged in turn, 
and finally made themselves masters of Asperne. 




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NAPOLEON WOUNDED AT RATISBON. 



In five days, Napoleon defeated the elaborate efforts 
of the Austrians, with whom were allied, perhaps, the 
greater part of Germany ; and a defensive war upon 
their own territory seemed now to be their only resource. 

At the battle of Eckmulh, the French took 1500 
prisoners, and sixteen pieces of cannon ; and the Aus- 
trian army lost nearly 5000 men, killed or wounded ; 
while the loss of the French and their allies amounted 
to only about 2000 men, killed and wounded. 

Napoleon was wounded in the right foot at Ratisbon. 
He expressed his surprise that the enemv's gun had 
reached him, seated upon a little hillock beyond the 
range of their fire. Too impatient to allow sufficient 
time for the di-essing of the wound, he mounted his 
horse in haste, and restored the confidence of the army, 
which had been somewhat staggered at this disaster, "by 
riding along the lines. 







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THE COMBAT AT SOMO SIERRA. 



On the 29th of November, 1808, the French head- 
quarters were at the village of Bocequilas. They found 
the pass of Somo Sierra in the chain of mountains 
named (Jarpetanos, and through which the main road to 
Castile runs, in the possession of the enemy. The 
Spaniards could not have chosen a stronger position — 
the defile was narrow, and excessively steep ; and the 
road completely swept by sixteen pieces of artillery. 
At day-break on the 1st of December, the French en- 
deavored to turn the flank of St. Juan. While the in- 
fantry were vainly attempting to ascend the heights in 
every direction, under a double lire from the artillery 
and the Spanish musketry. Napoleon came up, attended 
by his Polish lancers. The Emperor stood in the 
entrance of the pass, and attentively examined the 
enemy's position. While thus occupied, the Spanish 
fire was redoubled in intensity — numerous bullets fall- 
ing around the emperor, or passing over his head. 
Sensible of the disadvantages under which the troops 
labored, he decided on taking a most bold and daring 
course : he ordered his own squadron of Polish lancers 
to charge right up the pass, in face of the battery. This 
brave troop, conducted by Kozietulski, threw itself into 
columns of four, the roadway not admitting more at a 
time. The Poles speared the gunners, and took posses- 
sion of the cannon, and the Spaniards continued their 
flight in such disorder, that they were at last fain to 
quit the road to Madrid, and escape in cUfferent direc- 
tions, some to Segovia, others to Talaveyra. 




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NAPOLEON'S 
INTERVIEW WITH THE PRUSSIAN QUEEN. 



Napoleon has been accused of having hastened the 
death of this beautiful Princess by his treatment of her 
at Tilsit. It is said he admitted that if she had been 
present at the beginning of the negotiations for peacv?, 
she would have had considerable influence upon the re- 
sult. Napoleon observed that she received him in truly 
tragic stjde — demanding and crying for justice. 

The Prussians were blind to Buonaparte's power. 
They had dared to combat a hero — to oppose them- 
selves to the destiny of France, and reject the friendship 
of Napoleon. The Queen solicited, supplicated, and im- 
plored; but in vain. Magdeburg, above all, was the 
object she sought for. 

The Emperor asked the Queen to dinner. Before 
they were seated, he took a very beautiful rose, and pre- 
sented it to her. The motion of her hand seemed 
to express a refusal ; but altering her mind she said, 
" Ou% mais au moins avec Magdeburg.'''' On tliis, the 
cruel Emperor replied, " I should observe to your Ma- 
jesty, that it is I who give, and you who receive." 
The dinner passed off in conversation of similar nature. 

On the morrow the Queen was much enraged on 
learning that the treaty deprived her of Magdeburg. 
She appears to have parted from the French Emperor 
with feelings of hatred. 




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THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW. 



On the 24th of October, 1809, Napoleon, in effect- 
ing his retreat from Moscow, rose early in the morning 
to reconnoitre. While occupied in this hazardous duty, 
a party of Cossacks was observed rapidly approaching, 
when Rapp said to the Emperor, at the same time seiz- 
ing the reins of his bridle, " It is the Cossacks ; you 
must tarn back." Napoleon refused to retreat, and 
placed himself, with his attendants, on the highway 
side. The Cossacks, being more intent on plunder than 
prisoners, passed within a lance's length, and failing to 
notice the prey which was within their grasp, threw 
themselves upon some wagons, which were more at- 
tractive. This retreat is well known to have been 
most disastrous to the French army. The men sank 
under the heavy sufferings they were compelled to en- 
dure from cold and privation — their route was marked 
by dead bodies ; and the army presented a scene of 
greater misery than can possibly be conceived. 




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THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF 
MONTEBELLO. 



Lannes was born at Lectour, in 1769, of a poor and 
obscure family. He joined the Republican army, and 
made his first campaign in the Eastern Pyrenees. " II 
etait alors un pigmee,, il devint un geant plus tard^ Na- 
poleon so said of the hero who was attached to him 
alike in his good and bad fortune. 

A Colonel in 1795, he followed Buonaparte to Italy, 
where he distinguished himself in the battles of Mille- 
simo, Lodi, and Areola. He was Brigadier-General at 
Pa via, where he took two of the enemy's flags. He 
was opposed to the Papal troops at Immola and defeated 
them. He then accompanied Napoleon into Egypt, 
where he was made General of a division. At Aboukir, 
he exhibited uncommon intrepidity. He returned with 
him to France, and took an active part in the occurences 
of the 18th Brumaire. He again signalized himself at 
Marengo, and at the battle of Montebello in 1804 ; 
where he was created a Peer with the title of Duke of 
Montebello, having already received a Marshal's baton. 
From that time he continued to take an active part in 
various campaigns, and was in command at the siege of 
Saragoza, in 1809. 

His last campaign was not the least glorious of his 
military career. At the battle of Essling, May 22d, 
1809, he was mortally wounded at the very moment he 
was showing the troops a wonderful example of firm- 
ness and heroic courage. 




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NAPOLEON AT THE TOMB OF 
FREDERICK THE GREAT. 



The Court of Berlin had fled from Potsdam so pre- 
cipitately that all the trgasures which it contained were 
left for Napoleon and his army, who took possession on 
the 26th of October 1809. Buonaparte visited Freder- 
ick's tomb; where he found his sword, sash, and the 
badges of several orders of knighthood. These he took, 
saying that he preferred them to all the treasures of the 
King of Prussia ; that he would send them to the old 
soldiers who had served in the Hanoverian campaign, 
and direct that they should be placed in the Hotel des 
Invalides, as memorials of the victories achieved by the 
grand army, and as evidence of the vengeance it had 
taken for the disasters of Rosbach. 



THE PEASANT OF THE RHINE. 



Some time after his alliance with the house of 
Austria, Napoleon, with the view perhaps of making 
the new Empress known and popular accompanied her 
on several journeys. One day while walking on the 
banks of the Rhine, he took a fancy to dine on one of 
its islands. They sat down at a table which overlooked 
a little farm. Napoleon desired to see the farmer, and 
despatched a messenger to summon him. Full of sur- 
prise, and doubt, the poor peasant hesitated to approach 
the Emperor ; he advanced awkwardly, and his counte- 
nance fully expressed the embarrassment he suffered, 
and was unable to overcome. 

Napoleon questioned him respecting his farm, his 
family, and his necessities. The poor fellow could 
scarce find words to reply. The Emperor kindly en- 
couraged him, and offered him something to drink, 
when the farmer, abashed at so much honor, hardly 
dared carry the glass to his lips ; he attempted several 
times, and as often failed. At length he overcame his 
fear, and not onl}" did he give all the information that 
was required of him, but ventured to point out changes 
which he would be glad to see. — 1810. 




THE PEASAITT OP THE RHINE. 



THE REDOUBT OF KABRUNN. 



The brave Captain Chambure commanded a select 
troop called the Compacpiie Franche. 

On the attack of the redoubt of Kabrunn, Chambure 
at the head of these troops threw himself into the re- 
doubt, and cut the Russians to pieces — not one escaped, 
— for those who avoided the bayonet fell under the fire 
of the battalions of Clamon and Dubowski. 

A lieutenant, Connard, showed extraordinary cool- 
ness on this occasion ; a ball having shattered his shoul- 
der he continued to tight, throwing himself into the 
hottest of the battle. Chambure observing this, said, 
" You are wounded, your place is not here ; go, and tell 
the General we are in the redoubt." " Captain," 
answered the lieutenant, " I still have my right arm ; 
you have only the left!" And with this he reentered 
the battle. 

Chambure pursued the enemy as far as Kabrunn. 
At this place he wrote as follows to the Prince of 
Wurtemberg : — 

"Prince, your bombs have disturbed my sleep. I 
have resolved to make a sortie and spike the mortars 
which throw them. Experience shall teach you. Prince, 
that it is dangerous to rouse the sleeping lion. 

Aug. De Chambure. 
Midnight, Nov. 6, 1813." 




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"IS IT TRUE THAT THINGS ARE GOING 
SO BADLY?" 



In the latter part of the year 1818, Napoleon rode 
through the Fauhourg St. Aiitome^ accompanied, by only 
two of his aide-de-camps. He was soon recognized, and 
surrounded by a crowd so dense as to impede liis 
progress, and oblige him to stop frequently. The 
faces of all the people seemed to express an interroga- 
tion ; as the great reverse of fortune had caused general 
disquietude, at length one of the crowd, bolder than 
the rest, questioned the Emperor, " Is it true that things 
are going so badly ? " To which Napoleon replied, " I 
regret I cannot say that they go very well." "What 
will be the end of it ? " said another. " Ma foi ! God 
knows ! " replied the Emperor coolly. " Will our 
enemies be able to enter France ? " said a third. ^ That 
they may easily do, and even reach Paris, if none Avill 
help me : I cannot prevent them by myself," said Napo- 
leon. " We will support you ! " was the universal cry. 
" Then," said Napoleon, " I shall still oppose the enemy 
and maintain our glory." '•' What shall we do, then ? " 
asked several voices. " Enrole yourselves in the army," 
answered the Emperor. " We will do that," said one, 
" but we will do it only conditionally." " What con- 
dition ? " he inquired. " We will not pass the frontier." 
" Be it so." " We wish to be of the guards." " Well 
enrole in the o-uards." 




"IS IT TEUE THAT THINGS ARE GOING SO BADLY?" 



THE BATTLE OF MOSCOW. 



Near the end of August, 1812, Napoleon arrived on 
an elevated plain, called Borodino, which the Russians 
had previously fortified with redoubts and batteries. 

The Emperor passed the night before the battle in 
giving orders. At day-break he was on foot, and sum- 
moned Caulaincourt to his presence. Throwing aside 
the curtains of his tent, he advanced towards his officers 
who had already assembled in great numbers. "• It is 
somewhat cold," said he, " but behold a splendid sun ! 
It is the sun of Austerlitz ! " Each one answered in the 
same spirit, by some allusions to this hap]3y presage. 

Previous to this engagement, September 6th, Napo- 
leon issued the following address : — 

" Soldiers I — This is the conflict whicli you have so 
much desired. The victor}^ depends upon you. Vic- 
tory is necessary to us — it will yield us plenty — good 
quarters — and ensure a speedy return to France. Act 
as you did at Austerlitz, at Friedland, at Vitepsk, and 
at Smolensk ; and the most remote posterity shall refer 
with ])ride to j-our conduct on this occasion. It shall 
be said of each of you, ' He was in the great battle 
fought on the plains of Moscow ! ' " 

" This battle," says the French historian, "• opened to 
Napoleon the gates of Moscow ! Alas ! that this new 
victory should have been so fatal to us ! " 




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THE SKIRMISH 



The French army, spread over all the provmces of 
the Peninsula, was surrounded, by enemies ; but could 
encounter' none. The guerillas showed themselves on 
every side, but they could not be come at any where. 
Invisible foes, Proteus-like, — they ceaselessly dispersed 
or rallied at the voice of ^their chiefs. Well-informed 
on all points, the enemy's most trivial movements were 
signalled to them, and prompt and faithful reports 
reached them through the peasants. Was a weak gar- 
rison left in a small village, — it was next day swept 
away by a guerilla ! Was any considerable force of 
troops led against these free-booters, — not a soul was 
to be met. At the order of the chiefs the soldiers con- 
cealed their arms, and dispersed, only to unite at a 
totall}' different point ! Mark well the Spanish guerilla, 
the guerillero of the Peninsula, the kleft of the Greeks, 
and the bandit of Italy, such as are known to be men 
of spirit, and think not that this insurgent is looked on 
with an unfavorable eye in his own country ; far other- 
wise, he renders too many services, and performs his 
business with too much conscience^ not to be occasion- 
ally visited with notions of valor and glory. He assas- 
sinates, martyrs, and mutilates ; but thinks no offering 
more acceptable to one of the old saints he invokes, or 
to his guardian patron. 




THE SKII^MISH, 



EVERYONE TO HIS OWN CALLING. 



One day Napoleon, followed by three or four officers, 
passed through the market on his way to the Tuileries. 
The customary acclamations followed him. A green- 
grocer cried out that he ought to make peace : " Good 
woman," answered the Emperor, smiling, '• continue 
selling your cabbages, and leave me to do that which 
concerns me, — every man to his own calling." At this 
the crowd laughed and shouted, " Vive V Empereur f '' 




"EVBKT ONE TO HIS OWN GALLINa." 



THE DEATH OF PONIATOVVSKI. 



In escaping from the field of Leipzig, Poniatowski 
attempted to cross the Elster b}^ swimming, but unfortu- 
nately was drowned. Vernet has given us an admirable 
picture and has conveyed in lines not to be mistaken, 
the courage and fearlessness of the General in his daring 
attempt. 

Previous to the battle of Leipzig, which occurred on 
the 19th of November, 1813, Poniatowski had received his 
orders from Napoleon, and on leaving him observed " we 
are all ready to die for your majesty." 







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NAPOLEON AT LUTZEN. 



The misfortunes at Moscow had disappointed the 
French Nation ; the 29th bulletin was published at Paris 
when Napoleon arrived at the Tuileries ; he alone could 
save the country, he alone could repair the disasters of 
the grand army ! France was not indifferent to the 
voice of her chief; she knew well how to value his 
ardent patriotism. 

The Emperor opened a new campaign, in which he 
commanded 250,000 men. He did not deceive himself 
as to the crisis which menaced France ; he therefore de- 
cided to attempt everything, and, if needful, to make 
political sacrifices, if the chances of war were against 
him. 

Napoleon opened the campaign on May 2d, 1813, by 
gaining the battle of Lutzen ; a surprising victory, and 
one that acquired for him immortal honor. The 
General of Marengo had not lost his genius ; and the 
troops he commanded understood him well, performing- 
wonders which astonished the old soldiers of Italy and 
Egypt. Masses of infantr}'- advanced in squadrons 
flanked by heavy artillery, and seeming like movable 
fortresses ; 81,000 foot and 4000 horse combatting 
107,000 Russians or Prussians, of which more than 
20,000 were cavalry. Alexander and the King of Prus- 
sia were there in person ; and their old guards, so vain 
and so proud, were not able to contend against French 
conscripts. 




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THE BATTLE OF MONTMIRAIL 



On the 11th of February, 1814, Napoleon arrived 
before Montmirail. At eleven o'clock the Allies formed 
themselves in battle array. The French divisions ar- 
rived successively, and Napoleon wished to wait for the 
whole, but at three o'clock, as night was approaching, 
he directed the Duke of Treviso to bear down on Mont- 
mirail. General Friant with four battalions of the old 
guard, received orders to attack the Farm of I'Epine-au- 
Bois, a position on which depended the success of the 
day, and which was defended by the Allies with forty 
pieces of cannon. To render this attack more easy. 
Napoleon ordered General Nansouty to extend his troops 
upon the right, to oblige the Allies to thin their centre. 
At the same time the Russian and Prussian troops were 
charged briskly in the centre by the old guard, com- 
manded by Marshal Ney. The tirailleurs fled in dis- 
may ; and the artillery could no longer be used with 
effect ; but the fusilade became dreadful. Tliis success, 
however, was counterbalanced when the lancers, the old 
dragoons, and the grenadiers of the guard arrived in the 
rear of the infantry, and breaking their lines, threw them 
into disorder, and killed or made prisoners the whole 
bod}\ The Duke of Treviso seized upon the village of 
Fontenelle, that of Marchais was attacked on both sides, 
and all the inhabitants were either killed or taken 
prisoners. In less than a quarter of an hour the most 
profound silence succeeded to the fusilade. 




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NAPOLEON AT MONTEREAU. 



The Emperor is here seen pointing a cannon. This 
was not the first occasion on which he had served a 
piece of artillery. It has been asserted by some that he 
was an admirable marksman, while others have main- 
tained the contrary. At Montereau all the ardor of 
youth seemed to revive within him, and his military 
genius appeared as vigorous as in his early engage- 
ments. 

On the 18th of February, 1814, General Briancks 
had taken his position with two divisions of Austrians, 
and two of Wirtemburgians, upon the heights before 
Montereau, covering the bridges of the city. General 
Chateau attacked him in vain, and was obliged to retire. 
The troops commanded by General Gerard kept up the 
fighting all the morning. Napoleon arrived on the field 
of battle, and immediately attacked the heights, and the 
effect of these successive charges was to drive the enemy 
with a loss of nine thousand men, in every direction. 
The French filed over the bridges which the Allies had 
not been able to destroy. 

This series of unexpected triumphs revived the hopes 
of Napoleon. Instead of the doubtful battle winch he 
would willingly have avoided, he had won four memo- 
rable victories: namely — those of Mormant, Valjouan, 
Montmirail, and Montereau. 

At the close of the last decisive combat, Napoleon 
observed "• My heart is satisfied. I will return to defend 
the capital of my Empire." 



NAPOLEON'S FAREWELL AT FONTAIN- 
BLEAU. 



Ok the 20th of April, 1814, everything was in readi- 
ness for Buonaparte's departure from Fontainbleau. He 
ordered that the guard should be summoned, and ad- 
vancing toward them, signified that he would speak to 
them. 

" Soldiers ! my old guard ! " said he, " I bid you adieu ! 
For twenty-eight years I have found you constantly in 
the way of honor and glory. In these latter times, as 
in the days of our prosperity, you have not ceased to be 
models of bravery and fidelity. With such men as you 
our cause need not be lost, but the war would be inter- 
minable ; it would be a civil war and France would be 
more than ever unhappy ! I have then sacrificed all our 
interests to those of our country ; I leave you ; do you, 
my friends, continue to serve France. Her happiness 
has been my only wish ; it will always be the object of 
my prayers ! Regret me not. If I live, it is only to 
advance your .glory farther. I wish to record with my 
pen the great tilings we have done together ! Farewell, 
my children ! I would gladly embrace you all — I em- 
brace your general ! " General Petit brought forward 
the Eagle : Napoleon took him in his arms and kissed 
the standard. " Farewell, once more, my brave com- 
panions — farewell ! " 




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THE BATTLE OF HAINAU. 



The Austro-Bavarians had taken up their position 
in the woods near Hainan before the Emperor ap- 
proached the Maine. He came up with them on the 
morning of the 30th, and his troops charged on the in- 
stant with the fury of despair. Buonaparte cut liis way 
through ere nightfall ; and Marmont, with the rear, had 
equal success on the 31st. In these actions there fell 
6000 of the French ; while the enemy had 10,000 killed 
or wounded, and lost 4000 prisoners ; and these losses 
would have been far greater, but for the ready wit of a 
patriotic miller, who, watching the tide of battle, sud- 
denly let the water into a mill-stream, and thus inter- 
posed a seasonable obstacle between the French cavahy 
and some German infantry, whom they had been driving 
before them ; a service which was munificently rewarded 
by the King of Prussia later. 

"■ The pursuit had been entrusted to the Austrians, 
who urged it with far less vigor than the Prussians, 
under the fiery guidance of Blucher, would probably 
have exerted. No considerable advantage, therefore, 
followed the battle of Hainan. The remains of the 
French host at length passed the Rhine ; and the Em- 
peror having quitted them at Mentz, arrived in Paris on 
the 9th of November. 

Thus terminated the campaign in Saxony. 




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NAPOLEON AT ARCIS-SUR-AUBE. 



During the night between the 16th and 17th of 
February, 1814, Napoleon, accompanied by a small es- 
cort of Polish lancers, reconnoitred the enemy's line, 
when, on leaving Arcis, he was attacked by a corps 
of Russian cuirassiers and Cossacks. The Poles, com- 
manded by Skrzinecki, their captain, rapidly formed 
in a squai'e about the Emperor ; and, though the enemy 
in their front were supposed to be six times their num- 
ber, they succeeded in repulsing them, and rescued 
Napoleon from his imminent danger. 




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FILIAL ANXIETY OF A CONSCRIPT. 



During the campaign of 1814, the services of every 
French soldier were required for the defence of that 
empire, then invaded from all quarters. On one oc- 
casion, as Napoleon was passing along the line on horse- 
back, a soldier stepped out of the ranks, and presented 
his arms; " Sire," said he, in offering a petition to the 
Emperor's notice, m}^ mother is old and infirm, and is 
dependent solely on my labors for subsistence." Napo- 
leon was forcibly struck with these words, uttered with 
timidity, and took the petition and rode on. On arriving 
at head-quarters, his first care was to read the peti- 
tion, which stated that the soldier's poor mother was 
in great necessity; that her only son, who supported 
her was called upon to fight for his country : and that 
he now sought permission to return and perform his 
first and most important duty. On this, Napoleon is- 
sued an order to the sub-perfect of the arrondissement 
where the old woman resided, to seek her out, and 
to tell her that the Emperor would take her under his 
protection, and give her 1200 francs with a pension. 
At the same time the poor fellow's colonel was directed 
to tell him to be at ease on his mother's account, as 
the Emperor would provide for her, but his services 
could not be dispensed with, as soldiers were required 
to oppose the enemies of his country. 




FILIAL ANXIETY OF A CONSCRIPT 



THE TURNPIKE OF CLICHY. 



Previous to Napoleon's abdication the Allied army 
had approached and even entered Paris, and taking pos- 
session of the Faubourg des Batignolles^ compelling the 
National Guard to repair to the Barriere de Clichy, 
where some sliglit skirmishing occurred, until it was 
announced that an armistice would forthwith be made. 

This armistice was the precursor of those treaties 
in which Napoleon gave in his unconditional abdication, 
and retired on a pension, to the Isle of Elba, whence 
shortly after he succeeded in making his escape, and 
once more, though fortunately for the last time, dis- 
turbed the peace of Europe. 




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THE RETURN FROM ELBA. 



It was about live o'clock in the afternoon of the 
1st of Marcli, 1815, that Napoleon landed at Cannes, in 
the Gulf of Juan. From thence he proceeded toward 
Paris with his little army, then consisting only of 500 
grenadiers, of the guard, 200 dragoons and one hundred 
Polish lancers ; these last being without horses, were 
obliged to carry their saddles on their backs. 

When between Mure and Vizele, Cambronne, who 
commanded the advance guard of forty grenadiers, met 
a battalion which had been sent from Grenoble to arrest 
their march. (^'Olonel La Badoyere, who headed the 
battalion, refused to parley with Cambronne ; upon 
which the Emperor, without hesitation, advanced alone ; 
followed at some distance by 100 grenadiers with their 
arms reversed. There was profound silence until Napo- 
leon had approached within a few paces, when he halted, 
and throwing open his surtout exclaimed, "• If there be 
amongst you a soldier who would kill his general — his 
Emperor, let him do it now I — Here 1 am I " The cry 
of Vive V Empereur burst instantaneously from every 
lip. Napoleon threw himself among them, and taking a 
veteran, covered with chevrons and medals, by the arm, 
said, " Speak honestly, old moustache, couldst thou have 
had the heart to kill thy Emperor ? " The man dropped 
his ramrod into his piece to show that it was unloaded, 
and answered, '"•Judge if I could have done thee much 
harm, — all the rest are the same." 




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NAPOLEON AT CHARLEROL 



Horace Veenet has attempted to present us with 
a portrait of Napoleon, as he appeared on the eve of his 
great conflict with the Allied Army. Buonaparte ar- 
rived at Charleroi about 11 o'clock, on the 15th of June, 
1815, which place was evacuated by the Prussians, 
under General Ziethen, in great haste. Napoleon ordered 
Marshal Ney to repair to Gosselin, and take the com- 
mand of the whole of the left wing of the army, occupy- 
ing a position beyond Quatre-Bras with 4,0,000 men. 
The Prussians retired upon Fleurus. 

On the 18th of June the battle of Waterloo took 
place. 




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NAPOLEON AT WATERLOO. 



The battle of Waterloo is an occurence with which all 
England is so well acquainted, that it would be super- 
fluous to give an account of it here. We may, however, 
mention, that the destruction of the French army on 
that important occasion, is considered by French liisto- 
rians to be entirely the consequence of General Bour- 
mont's desertion. The project of Napoleon Avas to 
concentrate his forces upon the Allied Army suddenly, 
which ought to have been done in the night, when the 
Duke of Wellington and the English officers were at 
the ball at Brussels. 

On this sanguinary field the French lost 19,000 men, 
while the Allied Army sustained a loss of nearly double 
the number of the former. 




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NAPOLEON SALUTING A PARTY OF 
WOUNDED SOLDIERS. 



^'- Honneur au courage malheureux ! ''"' said Napoleon, 
in passing a party of wounded enemies. Debret has 
made an agreeable picture from a rather disagreeable 
subject; though it is certainly gratifying to find the 
leader of an army rendering due respect to those who, 
in their courageous efforts to overcome an opposing 
force, have unfortunately received wounds and injuries 
which, perhaps, disable them for life. The admirers 
of Napoleon maintain that the above incident did ac- 
tually occur, while others assert that he was by nature 
cruel and unmerciful. We take upon ourselves to sup- 
port neither the one nor the other; amid the mass of 
conflicting evidence we cannot see how it is possible to 
arrive at a conclusion. That Napoleon was a great man 
none can deny ; that he was a good man, few will be 
hardy enough to maintain. 







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NAPOLEON IN i8i^. 



Horace Vernet has admirably conveyed in the 
countenance of Napoleon all the sentiments which ani- 
mated the soul of " le Grande Homme " in the last 
moments of his military glory. Those who saw Napo- 
leon at Waterloo have not failed to admire this painting, 
as well as the beautiful copy of it by M. Marin Levinge. 
Reveil has reproduced it admirably in the accompanying- 
engraving. 




NAPOLEON IN 1815. 




NAPOLEOlSr IN 1815. 



TAKING THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE. 



After the distribution of the eagles at the Champ 
de Mars, Napoleon administered the following oath to 
the army: — 

" Soldiers ! behold yonr banners I These eagles shall 
always serve you for rallying points. They shall he 
ever where your Emperor shall judge it necessary for the 
defence of his throne and of his people. Do you swear 
to sacrifice your life in their defence, and constantly to 
maintain them by your courage in the way of victory? 
Do you swear it? " 

All the army answered by acclamation : " We swear 
it ! Long live the Emperor ! " 




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A SOLDIER'S FAREWELL 



The brave corporal has received a mortal wound, 
and takes his last farewell of a young comrade. 

How many a scene like this has been witnessed on 
the battle-tield. How many of the strong and the pow- 
erful among mankind, have the murder-working engines 
of war brought to a premature death. 

Belange's figures are true to nature ; there is nothing 
startling in them ; nor anything of the conventional 
mannerism of the studio, which throws so much cold- 
ness into ordinary compositions. "• It will be seen," 
says the French critic, "• that M. Belangd will take the 
place of Vernet and Charlet, if those gentlemen are con- 
tent to rest on their laurels, or become indifferent to 
the art which they have so worthily exercised." 




A SOLDIER'S FAREWELL. 



A SOLDIER AT WATERLOO. 



M. Jazet has here attempted to produce a picture 
which shall revive all the recollections of that remark- 
able period, when the extraordinary career of Napoleon 
spread terror wherever his name and deeds were heard 
of. He has represented an old soldier fatigued and 
careworn, and has made nature itself sympathize with 
his feelings. The sun is setting in the west, his crim- 
son rays dimmed by intervening clouds, while the scene 
around is desolate and barren. 

The picture was placed in the gallery of the Palais 
Royal, and those who visit it readily enter into its spirit, 
seeing there depicted the end of a grand epoch in tlie 
history of France. 










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A FIELD HOSPITAL 



The devotion shown to the memory of Napoleon, by 
the spirited painter of the original picture from which 
this is copied, has been profitable to that talented artist. 
Few of his contemporaries have succeeded better than 
M. Bellange, in depicting subjects which illustrate the 
" Imperial Epoch." 

This picture is well conceived, free and natural. It 
is a scene which occurred repeatedly on the battle-field 
in Napoleon's campaigns. "• Vive V Mnjyereur,^^ let the 
wound be slight or mortal ; '•' Vive V Empereur /" was 
the wounded soldier's cry, though scarcely able to see 
his Captain as he passed. With such devotion as this, 
what had not the ' Grand Homme ' to hope for ! These 
were not the soldiers to abandon him. Honor, rank, 
riches, were not able to corrupt them. And if they 
had not been so patriotic ; if they had not been models 
of military discipline ; — what would they not have un- 
dertaken for love of their General, for him who had 
led them to victory and glory. Poor fellows ! humble 
laborers in the vast plain of a great architect, you as- 
sisted in raising the great monument ; your task should 
not have been without recompense. 




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A FIELD HOSPITAL. 



ARC DE TRIOMPHE DE L'ETOILE. 



This monumental arch stands in a circular area with- 
out the harriere of that name, at the end of the avenues 
in the Champs Elysees^ and in front of the Palace of the 
Tuileries. It is of greater size than anything of the 
kind hitherto erected, being 133 feet in height, including 
the cornice and attic. The fronts are 134 feet in 
breadth, and the sides 67. The principal arch is 92 feet 
in height, and 44 in breadth: the transverse arch 56 
feet by 55 1-2. The first stone of this edifice, which was 
begun by the city of Paris to commemorate Napoleon's 
triumph over Russia, and his alliance with the Em- 
peror Alexander at Tilsit, was laid on the 15th of 
August, 1806, under the direction of Chalgriu. From 
the beginning of this undertaking, the work was sus- 
pended and renewed at intervals until its completion 
in 1830. 




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DEATH-BED OF NAPOLEON. 



From the 15th to the 25th of April, Napoleon occu- 
pied himself with drawing up his last will, in which he 
bequeathed his orders, and a specimen of every article 
in his wardrobe, to his son. On the 18th, he gave direc- 
tions for opening his body after death, expressing 
a special desire that his stomach should be examined 
and its appearance communicated to his son. "The 
symptons," he said, " seem to show that of all my or- 
gans the stomach is the most diseased. I am inclined 
to believe it is attacked with the disorder that killed 
my father — the physcians of Montpellier prophesied 
it would be hereditary in our family." 

On the third of May, it became evident that the 
scene was near its close. The attendants would fain have 
called in more medical men ; but they durst not, know- 
ing his feelings on this head : " even had he been speech- 
less," said one of them, " we could not have brooked 
his eye." The last sacraments of the church were now 
administered by Vignali. He lingered on thenceforth 
in a stupor. On the 4th, the island was swept by a 
tremendous storm, which tore up almost all the trees 
about Longwood by the roots. The 5th was another 
da}^ of tempests ; and about six in the evening, Napo- 
leon having pronounced the words " tete d'armee^'' 
passed forever from the dreams of battle. 




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NAPOLEON AS LIEUTENANT COLONEL. 



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NAPOLEON AS LIEUTENANT COLONEL. 



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THE TRIUMPHAL COLUMN. 



The Fontaine de la Viatoire, built upon the Place 
du Qhdtdet, in front of the Pont au Change^ was one of 
the iirst estalilished in the French Capital. 

It was also one of the first monuments raised to re- 
cord the glory of the French arms. The architect 
Brasle superintended its erection, as well as that of 
others of the same nature, placed in different parts of 
Paris, as much for utility as for ornament. 

The conception of this is simple, and its execution 
leaves nothing to be desired. The glorious deeds of 
the five years were there recorded as so many talismans. 
How many times have we feared that the lever, or the 
petard, would be applied to its destruction. But the 
charm of the French eagle, and of victory distributing 
her crowns, were safeguards, and served to awe the van- 
dal conqueror. When the famous names of Rivoli ! 
Lodi! Arcole! Mont-TJiabor ! Pyramidn ! Marengo! 
Austerlitz I Ulm ! Eylau ! Friedland ! and Dantzic ! 
were inscribed upon the column, who dare lay their 
sacrilegious hands upon it ? 



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THE TRIUMPHAL COLUMIT. 



STATUE OF NAPOLEON, BY CHAUDET. 



Napoleon was anxious to place his name on the list 
of those Emperors of old, whose names are rendered im- 
mortal, not so much by their own heroic or noble deeds 
as by the flattering notices of them in the deathless 
writings of poets and historians. On the occasion of his 
statue being first required for the Column which now 
stands in the Place Vendome, he directed that it should 
be attired as a senator of ancient Rome, and Chaudet 
produced the statue, of which the accompanying en- 
graving is a faithful representation. It has since been 
replaced by one in military uniform. 



APOTHEOSIS. 



The conclusion of Napoleon's remarkable history is 
here well conceived. The mound of earth surmounted 
by his cap and sword, points out the last earthly tene- 
ment of the ex-Emperor ; the group upon that point of 
the rock which juts into the sea adds considerably to 
the interest of the scene ; few have forgotten the faith- 
ful companions of Napoleon when prisoner at St Helena. 
The artist, Horace Vernet, has called poetry to liis aid 
and introduced the shades of several of the departed 
comrades of Napoleon, who assisted him in gaining that 
fame wliich will ever attach to his character in the 
future history of European nations. Two aged min- 
strels placed on the right of the engraving, are sup- 
posed to be recounting the history of his various ex- 
ploits. 



NAPOLEON, EMPEROR. 



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NAPOLEON, EMPEROE. 



THE DEATH MASK OF NAPOLEON. 



THE FUNERAL PROCESSION AT THE ARC DE 
TRIOMPHE. 




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THE CATAFALQUE, DOME DES INVALIDES. 




THE OATii^'ALQUE,DOMB DES INVALIDES. 



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THE FUNERAL CAR. 



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OPENING THE CASKET. 



ROYAL COURT OF THE HOTEL DES INVALIDES. 



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